The following list of slang terms is drawn from a book compiled by the first New York City Police Chief, George W. Matsell, in 1859. Vocabulum, or the Rogue’s Lexicon, which you can read in full text via the Internet Archive, includes an index of criminals’ slang with definitions, short stories written using the “language,” and appendices cataloging the specialized slang of gamblers, billiard-players, brokers, and pugilists.There are some great ones in there. For example, it seems the 19th-century equivalent of today's douchebag was Billy Noodle; a Lushington, which sounds ripe for a Grey's Anatomy character nickname, is slang for a drunk (e.g., Drinky von Lushington); and a pap lap is an infant.
Go check out the longer list, and Rebecca's commentary on it: Some Excellent Mid-19th-Century Criminal Slang That's Ripe For Revival